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Transmission: EBV is primarily transmitted through saliva, hence its nickname “the kissing disease.” It can spread through close contact with an infected person, such as kissing, sharing utensils, or sharing drinks. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusions and organ transplantations.

Associated Conditions: EBV infection can lead to several health conditions, ranging from mild to more severe:

Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): EBV is most commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis, also known as mono or glandular fever. Mono is characterized by symptoms such as extreme fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fever, and enlarged spleen. It is often self-limiting and resolves within a few weeks to months.

Other Conditions: EBV has been linked to the development of certain types of cancers, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It has also been associated with some autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Latency and Reactivation: After the initial infection, EBV can enter a latent phase where it remains in the body without causing noticeable symptoms. The virus can reactivate later in life, especially during periods of weakened immune function. Reactivated EBV may cause mild symptoms or go unnoticed.

Diagnosis: EBV infection is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Blood tests, such as antibody tests (specifically anti-EBV antibodies), can help detect past or current infections.

Treatment: There is no specific antiviral treatment for uncomplicated EBV infection or infectious mononucleosis. Symptomatic treatment, such as rest, adequate hydration, over-the-counter pain relievers, and supportive care, is usually recommended. In severe cases or complications, medical intervention may be necessary.

Prevention: Since EBV is highly contagious, prevention primarily involves practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and refraining from sharing utensils or drinks. There is no vaccine currently available for EBV.